Exercise 16 Take Offs

Aim To determine the trainee's ability to take-off safely using the correct procedure and technique for the actual wind conditions, runway surface and length (or those specified by the instructor), and to assess the possibility of such further conditions as wind shear and wake turbulence.

Description The trainee shall demonstrate the ability to perform: a normal take-off into wind and in cross-wind conditions a short field take-off, or a soft field take-off If possible, at least one of the take-offs shall be completed under crosswind conditions. For the purpose of this exercise, the examiner may specify simulated conditions for the take-off such as surface conditions, obstacles to be cleared and available runway length.
Note: The candidate must be able to explain the operational necessity for any variation from recommended speeds, e.g. gusty or crosswind conditions.

Performance Criteria — Normal Take-Off
The trainee will:
perform an effective passenger safety review;
complete appropriate checklists;
position the flight controls and configure the aeroplane for the existing conditions;
clear the area, taxi into the take-off position, and align the aeroplane on the runway centre line;
advance the throttle smoothly to take-off power;
confirm that take-off power has been achieved;
maintain the nosewheel (or tailwheel) within 10 feet of the centreline during the take-off roll;
rotate at recommended airspeed, (+5/-0 knots);
accelerate to and maintain recommended climb speed (+/-5 knots);
retract the landing gear (where applicable) at a safe height;
maintain take-off power to a safe height, then set climb power (+/-0.5" MAP, +/-50 RPM);
eliminate drift and track along runway centreline and extended centreline;
comply with noise abatement procedures;
complete appropriate checks.

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Performance Criteria — Soft Field Take-Off
The candidate will:
perform an effective passenger safety review;
complete appropriate checklists;
position the flight controls and flaps for the existing conditions;
clear the area;
taxi onto the take-off surface at a speed consistent with safety and align the aeroplane without stopping while advancing the throttle smoothly to take-off power;
confirm take-off power has been achieved;
establish and maintain a pitch attitude that will effectively and efficiently transfer the weight of the aeroplane from the wheels to the wings;
maintain directional control during the take-off roll;
lift off at minimum possible airspeed;
remain in ground effect after take-off while accelerating to recommended climb speed;
maintain recommended climb speed (+/-5 knots);
retract the landing gear (where applicable) at a safe height;
retract flaps (where applicable) at a safe height;
maintain take-off power to a safe height, then set climb power (+/-0.5" MAP, +/-50 RPM);
maintain proper drift correction in the climb;
complete appropriate checks.

Performance Criteria — Short Field Take-Off 
The candidate will:
perform an effective passenger safety review;
complete appropriate checklists;
position the flight controls and flaps for the existing conditions;
clear the area,
taxi into position for maximum utilization of available take-off distance;
advance the throttle smoothly to take-off power while holding brakes, or as specified by the manufacturer;
confirm take-off power has been achieved;
maintain directional control during the take-off roll;
rotate at the recommended airspeed (+5/-0 knots);
accelerate to and maintain recommended climb speed (+/-5 knots);
retract the landing gear (where applicable) at a safe height;
retract flaps (where applicable) at a safe height;
maintain take-off power to a safe height, then set climb power (+/-0.5" MAP, +/-50 RPM);
maintain proper drift correction in the climb;
complete appropriate checks.

Exercise 14 Spiral

Ex. 14 - Spiral
There's one major difference between a graveyard spiral and a spin, and that's airspeed.
It comes down to this: a spin is a stalled condition, and a graveyard spiral is not. That means that if you're spinning, your airspeed is relatively low, and if you're in a graveyard spiral, your airspeed is fast, and probably increasing.
A distracted pilot can slip into a spiral while performing steep turn maneuvers. The first clues are: rapid loss of altitude and a sudden build up in airspeed.
Recovery from this condition is accomplished by following the following actions:
reduce power to idle to slow the airspeed;
roll the wings level to stop the turn;
ease back on the control column to raise the nose; and
apply full throttle making sure not to exceed the engine's  red line and climb back to altitude.
When practicing the spiral you must do a HAZEL Check first.

Watch our training session (Best when viewed wit Closed Captions ON)


Transport Canada Standard for evaluating the student pilot
Aim
To determine the candidate's ability to recognize a spiral dive and to effect a smooth, safe recovery to straight and level flight.

Description

The examiner will initiate this manoeuvre from an over-banked steep turn or an incorrect spin entry.  Control will be given to the candidate, when the spiral is established.  On assuming control, the candidate will be expected to commence recovery immediately.
Recovery will be completed at a height specified by the manufacturer, or no less then 2,000 feet above ground, whichever is greater.

Performance Criteria

Assessment will be based on the candidate’s ability to:

recover promptly and smoothly using control applications in the proper sequence; and
return smoothly to straight and level flight without excessive loss of altitude
avoid exceeding any operating limitation of the aeroplane.

Exercise 13 Spins

 Using a simulator program to see how the theory agrees with reality.

This time there is a bad recovery and a secondary stall is encountered when the nose is raised too quickly before power it applied.

Time to book the appointment to do the exercise:
This was by far the most exciting lesson so far in my flight training. The aircraft my instructor chose was the school's Grob G 115 C. The Grob is a  fully aerobatic, sleek looking low wing monoplane, with a bubble canopy, side by side seating, powered by a 180 horsepower fuel injected engine driving a  and variable pitch 3 bladed propeller.

Best view with Closed Captions ON

Transport Canada Standard
Objective To teach:
(1) The recognition and avoidance of the conditions which could lead to a spin.
(2) The spin entry.
(3) The correct recovery action to be taken.

Motivation As required.
Essential Background Knowledge (1) Point out the safety precautions — cockpit checks, minimum altitude, suitable area, look-out, etc. (2) Explain: Incipient stage: basic theory and description; causes, prevention, and autorotation; practice spin entry techniques; the entry into the incipient stage and when the incipient stage changes to the fully developed stage; recovery action; effect of varying amount of thrust — use in early stages to conserve altitude — similarity to stall recovery — detrimental effect as development continues; instrument indications. B. Fully Developed Stage: basic theory and description; spin entries — causes and prevention of the fully developed spin — uncorrected incipient stage; full development of autorotation — the transition into and from the incipient stage; recovery action — normal and emergency techniques — necessity of using techniques outlined in Pilot Operating Handbook; effect of thrust — spin characteristics — loss of altitude; instrument indications; the spin characteristics of light aircraft in current use; disorientation during the spin and recovery, and its inherent dangers; dangers of improper loading — effect of spin recovery with various C of G positions. (3) Question student on the exercise and clarify as necessary.

Advice to Instructors:
 (1) IT IS ESSENTIAL that the aircraft used for the spin exercise is certified for this manoeuvre and is properly loaded. Non-compliance with this requirement has caused fatalities. The Type Certificate, Pilot Operating Handbook, or cockpit placards should be consulted to determine under what conditions, if any, spin practice may be undertaken in a particular aircraft.

 (2) The transition stage between a stall and the incipient stage can be defined as the period between the stall and the commencement of autorotation. If the manufacturer does not provide a recovery technique to "pick-up" a wing drop at the stall, recover as from an aggravated stall. The student's ability to recover from all phases of the incipient stage correctly is one of the most important requirements on the Private Pilot Course The instructor must ensure a satisfactory standard has been achieved on this exercise.

(3) The stall/spin accident has led to many fatalities. Recognition of the symptoms of the approaching stall and spin should be impressed upon the student and it should be emphasized that it is not necessary to have an excessively nose high attitude to enter a stall/spin. Insist on correct recovery action.

(4) All practice spin recoveries should be completed no less that 2,000 feet above ground, or at a height recommended by the Manufacturer, whichever is the greater.

(5) Emergency spin recovery techniques should be discussed fully. The use of power, elevators and other means of effecting a spin recovery should be discussed.

(6) The proper handling of flaps and power in the event of an unintentional spin entry should be carefully explained to the student.

(7) Emphasize that on practice stall/spin entries, the nose of the aircraft should not be raised above the horizon any more than necessary to produce the stall/spin. On recovery from the transition stage and the initial phase of the incipient stage, the nose should be lowered only sufficiently below the horizon to unstall the wings and effect recovery.

(8) Unless the aircraft is equipped with gyro instruments capable of being caged, or with instruments designed to withstand the effects of the sudden attitude changes in a spin, instrument damage may result if the aircraft is used to demonstrate or practise this exercise. Instructor and Student Practice (1)  Spin Recovery: Complete safety precautions — cockpit checks, minimum altitude, suitable area, look-out; From slow flight at the point of stall induce a spin. Allow yaw to continue while aircraft is stalled; Demonstrate recovery action: from the transition stage and the initial phase of the incipient stage — recover as from an aggravated stall; if the spin entry is allowed to proceed beyond this point: follow the recovery technique recommended in the Pilot Operating Handbook for that particular model and year of aircraft, or in the case where there is no published recovery action: power to idle, neutralize ailerons; apply and hold full opposite rudder; move control column positively forward and hold these control inputs until rotation stops; centralize rudder and level wings; ease out of the ensuing dive with minimum reasonable loss of altitude. apply power as necessary to return to normal flight.

NOTE: If an aircraft enters a spin with the flaps extended, they should be retracted at the first opportunity after initial recovery action has been taken.

 Student practice. (2) Spin entries should be demonstrated from:
 A power-off descent;

Climbing manoeuvres;
A low speed descending turn when rudder is used incorrectly to increase rate of turn;

A steep climbing turn;
High "G" flight conditions (simulated at low speed).

(3) Demonstrate spin entries with power on — (close throttle on entry).

(4) Instrument indications.

Exercise 17 The Circuit

The Pattern

Pattern (Circuit)


1 Radio Call
2 Pre Landing Check
3 Passenger Brief
4 Reduce Power to  1700 RPM
5 Flaps to 10 Degrees
6 Turn Base at 45 Degrees from Flare Point
7 Allow Nose to Drop (70 - 80 KIAS)
8 Flaps to 20 Degrees Adjust Power
9 Turn Final 15 Degrees Prior to Reaching Rwy
10 Adjust Power and Altitude
11 Apply Full Flaps
12 Transition Point (Flare) Power to Idle

Circuits in Gatineau

Transport Canada Standard

Aim

To determine that the trainee can operate the aeroplane in a safe manner in the vicinity of a controlled and/or uncontrolled aerodrome.

Description

The trainee shall demonstrate correct circuit procedures, including departure and joining procedures.

The ability to comply with MF procedures and ATC clearances or instructions while maintaining separation from other aircraft shall be demonstrated.

Performance Criteria

The trainee will:

• fly an accurate circuit maintaining correct position and separation from other aircraft;
• comply with actual or simulated ATC clearances or instructions;
• comply with established circuit entry and departure procedures;
• comply with established circuit patterns;
• establish an appropriate distance from the runway/landing area;
• correct for wind drift to maintain proper ground track;
• remain oriented with the runway/landing area in use;
• maintain and hold circuit altitude and airspeed (+/-100 feet, +/-10 knots);
• complete appropriate checklists;
• comply with other procedures that may be in effect at the time.